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Valosin-containing protein
Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (TER ATPase) also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or CDC48 in ''S. Cerevisiae'' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''VCP'' gene.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7415 )〕 The TER ATPase is an ATPase enzyme present in all eukaryotes and archaebacteria. Its main function is to segregate protein molecules from large cellular structures such as protein assemblies, organelle membranes and chromatin, and thus facilitate the degradation of released polypeptides by the multi-subunit protease proteasome.
p97/CDC48 is a member of the AAA+ (extended family of ATPases associated with various cellular activities) ATPase family. Enzymes of this family are found in all species from bacteria to humans. Many of them are important chaperones that regulate folding or unfolding of substrate proteins. p97/CDC48 is a type II AAA+ ATPase, which means that it contains two tandem ATPase domains (named D1 and D2, respectively) (Figure 1). The two ATPase domains are connected by a short polypeptide linker. A domain preceding the D1 domain (N-terminal domain]]) and a short carboxyl-terminal tail are involved in interaction with cofactors.〔 The N-domain is connected to the D1 domain by a short N-D1 linker.
Most known substrates of p97/CDC48 are modified with ubiquitin chains and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Accordingly, many p97/CDC48 coenzymes and adaptors have domains that can recognize ubiquitin.〔 It has become evident that the interplays between ubiquitin and p97/CDC48 cofactors are critical for many of the proposed functions, although the precise role of these interactions remains to be elucidated.
== Discovery ==
CDC48 was discovered in a genetic screen for genes involved in cell cycle regulation in ''budding yeast''.〔 The screen identified several alleles of ''Cdc48'' that affects cell growth at non-permissive temperatures. The mammalian homolog of CDC48 was initially characterized as a 97 kDa protein precursor for the small peptide valosin. It was therefore named as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or p97,〔 but subsequent studies showed that valosin is an artifact of purification unrelated to p97. Nevertheless, the VCP nomenclature is still being used in the literature.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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